Today Gold Rate In Pakistan As of 4 August, 2026 Tuesday

Gold Rate Today in Pakistan is 426,000 Rs Per Tola For 24K Local Sarafa Gold. Where as 24K Proper Gold Bars Rate is 430,000 Rs Per Tola. Also Known As "Piece Rate" Used For Buying ARY 10 Tola Gold Bar

( Summary Table ) Per Tola/ Per 10 Gram/ and Per Gram

Gold Type	Per Tola	Per 10 Gram	Per Gram
24K ARY Millat Bars	432,000 Rs	370,370 Rs	37,037 Rs
24K ARY 10 Tola Bar	430,000 Rs	368,656 Rs	36,866 Rs
24K Local Rawa Rate	426,000 Rs	365,226 Rs	36,523 Rs
21K Gold (Jewellery)	412,700 Rs	353,824 Rs	35,382 Rs

International Gold Live Market Data

Gold $4,057.40

Today Dollar Move -8.70$

Percentage Move -0.21%

Today Highest 4,072.10

Today Lowest 4,026.90

All 4 Types of Gold's Advance Buy/Sell Both Rates For Experienced Customers With Reference 'Gold Form Type' Image

Type(1) - Local 24K Sarafa Gold Rate ''Rawa Ka Rate''' ( Used For Alot of Calculations )

Rawa Local Gold Latest Rate In Pakistan is 426,000 Rs Per Tola For 24K Gold. Therefore 10 Grams 24K Gold Rate Comes Out to be 365,226 Rs.( Per 10 Grams 24K). This Means 1 Gram Gold Rate Today Will Be 36,523 Rs. ( Remind You That 1-Tola Means a Weight of 11.664 Grams )

We Selling You At 426,000 Rs

( Per Tola )

We Buying Back At 424,000 Rs

The Above General Gold Rate Is Also Known As Rawa Passa Rate. This Gold Rate Is of No Use To General Public. This Is The Category of Gold Which is Self Refined At Local Standard By Jewellers At Their Shop & It's Not 24K Accurate !! Hence It's Not Reliable To Invest In Passa Gold. To Be Accurate Its Perfect To Say it 23.8K Gold.

This 24K Passa Gold Rate Was Yesterday's 8:00 PM Last Closing Rate. Daily New Pakistan Gold/Silver Rates Are Launched At 2:00 PM Officially & They All Will Be Updated On Our Site On Time. Make Sure To Visit At That Time To Watch Fresh Updated & Accurate Today's Rate of Pakistan

Type(2) - 24K ARY 10 Tola Size Gold Bar Rate ( Perfect For Main Scale Investors )

Todays Latest 24K Gold Bar Rate In Pakistan is 430,000 Rs Per Tola For 24K ARY 10 Tola Size Gold Bar Also Known As ( Piece Ka Rate ). Although The 10g Rate & Per Gram Rate of The 'ARY 10 Tola Bar' is of No Use, But Still if You Are Wondering ARY 10 Tola Bar's 10g Rate Comes To be 368,656 Rs. Means Per Gram ARY 10 Tola Bar Rate is 36,866 Rs

We Selling You At 430,000 Rs

( Per Tola )

We Buying Back At 428,000 Rs

Notice : This Piece Rate Is Only and Only Specifically Used To Buy/Sell ARY 10 Tola Size Gold Bar Only. This is The Only Gold Bar From ARY Which has the QR Code Verification On It's Back. All Mainscale Investors Buy/Sell Multiple ARY 10 Tola Bars For Professional Physical Gold Bar Trading.

This ARY 10 Tola Size Gold Bar Rate Was Yesterday's 8:00 PM Last Closing Rate. Daily New Pakistan Gold/Silver Rates Are Launched At 2:00 PM Officially & They All Will Be Updated On Our Site On Time. Make Sure To Visit At That Time To Watch Fresh Updated & Accurate Today's Rate of Pakistan

Type(3) - 24K ARY Millat All Other Sizes Gold Bar's Rate | Perfect For Common Man Investments

Todays Latest 24K ARY Millat Gold Bars Rate In Pakistan is 432,000 Rs Per Tola. Use This Rate For Buying ARY 1-Tola Bar, 5-Tola Bar, 10g Bar, 50g Bar, 1 Ounce Bar, 5g Bar Etc. On Top of This Rate ARY Also Charges Packing Charges Ranging From 1,500 Rs To 2,000. This is a One-Time Charges Paid Per Biscut.

We Selling You At 432,000 Rs

( Per Tola )

We Buying Back At 429,000 Rs

Use This Rate For Calculating All of The Other ARY Gold Bars Other Than ARY 10 Tola. These Other Sizes By ARY Are Launched With ARY Millat Name. ARY Millat Bars Have Many Weight Options Such As ARY 1g , 5g , 10g, 1 Tola , 20g, 50g & 5 Tola & Many More In Between.

This ARY Millat Gold Bars Rate Was Yesterday's 8:00 PM Last Closing Rate. Daily New Pakistan Gold/Silver Rates Are Launched At 2:00 PM Officially & They All Will Be Updated On Our Site On Time. Make Sure To Visit At That Time To Watch Fresh Updated & Accurate Today's Rate of Pakistan

Type(4) - 21K Gold Rate Today (Gold Jewellery Rate)

21K Gold Latest Rate Today In Pakistan is 412,700 Rs Per Tola. Therefore 10 Grams 21K Gold Rate Comes Out to be At 353,824 Rs.( Per 10 Grams 21K). This Means 1 Gram 21K Gold Rate Today is 35,382 Rs. ( Remind You That 1-Tola Means a Weight of 11.664 Grams )

21K Gold = 412,700 Rs Per Tola

Notice : The Above Mentioned 21K Gold Jewellery Rate is Rawalpindi Sarafa Association Official Gold Rate For Buying Gold Jewellery Across All The Markets of Rawalpindi & Islamabad & Related Markets. This Rate May Only Be Valid For Rawalpindi/Islamabad Jewellery Markets.

This 21K Gold Jewellery Rate Was Yesterday's 8:00 PM Last Closing Rate. Daily New Pakistan Gold/Silver Rates Are Launched At 2:00 PM Officially & They All Will Be Updated On Our Site On Time. Make Sure To Visit At That Time To Watch Fresh Updated & Accurate Today's Rate of Pakistan

Summary Table of Advance Buy/Sell Rates For Experienced Customers

Gold Type	Tola Sell	Buy Back	Gram Sell	Buy Back
24K ARY Millat Bars	432,000 Rs	429,000 Rs	37,037 Rs	36,780 Rs
24K ARY 10 Tola Bar	430,000 Rs	428,000 Rs	36,866 Rs	36,694 Rs
24K Local Rawa Rate	426,000 Rs	424,000 Rs	36,523 Rs	36,351 Rs
21K Gold (Jewellery)	412,700	-15% Deduct	35,382 Rs	-15% Deduct

Notice 1 : All of The Above Golds These Rates Were Yesterday's 8:00 PM Last Closing Rates. Daily New Pakistan Gold Rates Are Launched At 2:00 PM Officially & They All Will Be Updated On Our Site On Time. Make Sure To Visit At That Time To Watch Fresh Updated & Accurate Rates of Tomorrow

ARY Certified

All Sizes Gold Bars Are 99.999% Readily Available At Our Shop

Gold Bars Available Without Informing Us Aap Aa Saktay Hein | No Making Time | No Premium Charges | No Invoice Charges | No Extra Comissions | Proper Genuine Product | Proper Wholesale Dealing + Online Gold Rate Booking Facility

( Jo Yeh Packing Charges Hotey Hein ARY Yeh Khud Charge Karta Hai ) Yeh Hum Bhi Pay Kartey Hein.

ARY All Size Gold Bars Seperate Prices ( Full Total Price Live Chart ) Real Market 100% Accurately Updated Rates ( The Below Prices Have Company Packing Charges Included ).

1 Gram 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 39,037 Rs

2.5 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 94,093 Rs

5 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 186,685 Rs

For Buy/Sell You Should Have 98% of Your Cash Payment Ready

10 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 371,970 Rs

1 Tola 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 433,600 Rs

20 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 742,741 Rs

In Pictures Ko Ap Full Zoom Kar Saktey Hein Using Your Fingers

2 Tola 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 866,000 Rs

1 Ounce 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 1,153,852 Rs

50 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 1,853,852 Rs

Biscuits Sale Purchase Time Only 2:15 PM ~ 8:00 PM

5 Tola 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 2,162,000 Rs

100 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar ( Very Rarely Available ) Live Total Price = 3,705,704 Rs

10 Tola 24K ARY Pure Gold Bar Live Total Price = 4,300,000 Rs

1,000% Real Rates. Properly Claimable At Shop 100% Transparency Official Guaranteed Products,This System Is Being Runned With 100% Responsibility

All of The Above Mentioned Rates Are Today's Latest Gold Prices In Pakistan ( These Rates Are Local Market's 100% Real Claimable Wholesale Bullion Rates ) In Rates Per Actually Mein Buy/Sell Active Hai During Business Time 2:00 PM ~ 8:00 PM At Our Shop Updated Manually With 100% Resposibility.

~ Pakistan's Most Updated Site For Displaying Local Market Real Gold Rates Accurately Online Since Last 15 Years ~

Biscuit Dealing Time : 2:10 PM to 7:45 PM || Payment Mode Sirf or Sirf All 98% Cash Payment Accept Hogi Sirf Strict Rule. (No Compromise)

( New Gov.t Market Timing Strictly Follow Hoongi.... 8 o'clock All Markets Ab Close Hojaya Karti Hein. toh Jisney Jo Buy/Sell Karna hai 7:00 PM Per Aapki At The Shop Entry Honii Chiyeh Phir Laazmi )

Serious Notice

Yeh All Displayed Gold Rates and Biscuit Prices Dupahar 2:00 PM ~ Raat 8:00 PM Meaning Kay Business Time Kay Dooran Fully accurately Updated Hein .................. Agar koi jeweller ya banda apko yeh claim karey key yeh rates wrong hai | Yaa phir yeh kahay kay yeh loog Itna sasta nahi dey saktey | toh aap abhi foran humnein call ya message karein or batayein konsa biscuit size kitni quantity chiyeh ? biscuit size availability apko batayi jayegi or saath foran apko wholesale prices batayee jayengee ........ Jese hi Aaaap okay karengy hum apko account number share karengy ..... Aap Humnein ek choti si security token payment send karengy or foran apka rate yehi online bataya geya rate book hojega Yeh Service Jewellers or Customers sab kay liye hai | Raat 8 Baje sey pehle pehle aa kar apko apna book kiya saman uthaana hogaa nahi toh Ultra Strict Action liya Jaayega From Management ~ Gold Star Jewellers

Remember Booking Ka Token Sirf Online Lene Ki Baat Hoorih Hai Baaki Ki Payment At The Shop Ap Cash Dengy. No Other Payment Method Solution Possible At All For Gold Bars Buy/Sell !!!!

Agar Aapney Apnay Liye Gold Rate Ko Book Karwana Hoo. Uska Tariqa

New Comers Bilkul Bhi Confuse Mat Hoon. Booking ki koi zrurat nahi hai. Biscuit Available Hein All Time. Aap Puchein Baghair Aa Saktey Hein Aap At Shop To Buy 2pm-8pm

Toh Booking ki Zarurat Sirf Tab Paregi Jab Biscuit Ki Shortage Hoo Jo Boht Kabhi Kabhar Hooti hai once in a month. Yaa Jab Customer Rate Lock Karwana Chah Raha Ho. Darsal is Field Mein Rate Har Waqt Change Ho rah Hota Hai Toh Customer Website Per Display Kiya Geya Rate Ko Lock Karwa Sakta Hai Apney Liye 2:15 PM ~ 8:00 PM Whatsapp Chat Per

Would Gold Star Jewellers Provide a Proper Invoice Receipt?

Yes We Got Proper Invoice Having All Specifications Written Properly. Biscuit Company, Size, Model, Originality, International Purity Level, Carat, 24K Guaranteed Stamp & Much More According to item Toh Resale Mein Kisi Kisam Ka Issue Nahi Aayega

Can We Buy Gold Bars From Any Shop?

No, Any Normal Gold Jewellers Shop Per Apko Gold Bars Available Nahi Milengy, Rate Apko Online Kam Bata Kar Attract Karengy At Shop Totally New Face, They May Not Also Give Invoice, They May Charge Extra Service Charges, Huge Buy/Sell Differences, They May Lack Information of Gold Bars. They May Not Have A Properly Secured Buy Back Policy !!!

The Table Below Shows A Comparative Difference of Benefits & Advantages Between Gold Star Jewellers and a Ordinary Jeweller Shop

ARY Gold Bar All Size List From 1 Gram to 10 Tola & ARY Company Official Wholesale Packing Charges List

Packing Charges ARY Khud Bhi Charge Karta Hai, Or Hum Bhi Yeh Unko aagey Pay Karkey Yeh Gold Bars Lete Hein Woh Apko 15 Days to 2 Month Baad Dega Hum Aapko Foran Dengy Same Rate

ARY Gold Bars All Size Pictures From 1 Gram to 10 Tola Size

ARY 10 Tola Weight Gold Bar Latest Model QR Code Biscuit

Click to Stop & Zoom Using Your Fingers

Click & Download Any image You Like

ARY 10 Tola Bar Front

Front and Back Together

ARY 10 Tola Bar Backside

( 4K Quality Website Zoom )

ARY 10 Tola Gold Bar QR Code Model ( Yeh Biscuit Officially isi Tarah Open Aata Hai, Bilkul isi Tarah ) toh Iska Packing kay pese wagera bhi extra uper ARY Kuch Bhi Nahi Leta. ( Best for Big Amount Savings and Buy Sell Every 2 Weeks ) + ( Most Cost Efficient Size & Most Best Buy/Sell Difference )

The 21K Gold Rate Which is Mentioned At is first announced in Sarafa Bazar Rawalpindi officially by "Rawalpindi Sarafa Association" on Loud Speakers for Shop keepers and Customers. This Gold rate Is Almost Announced Daily At Roughly 2:20 PM in sarafa Bazar and Can Be Heard Live if you are in the Radius of 0.4 Kilometers from the speaker.

All The Jewelery Markets of Rawalpindi Including Sarafa Bazar, Main Murree Road Jewellery Market & All Markets of Islamabad Are Bound To Follow This Gold Rate.

This Gold Rate Is Applicable For All The Gold Jewellery You Buy in 21K Gold in Pakistan. On Top of This Gold Rate Making Charges Ranging From 1,000 to 4,000 Rs Per Tola Maybe Charged According to Product's Finishing, Design and Uniqueness

All of Pakistan's History The Market Dynamics Have Been Designed According to 21K Gold Jewellery Meaning The Jewellery You Buy In Pakistan is All 21 Karat 99% of the Time. 21K Gold Means That the product contains 87.5 Percentage of pure 24K Gold And The Other 12.5% is the Impurity , This Dosen't Mean 21K Gold is Bad or it's a Fraud. Because Some of You May Find It Hard to digest hearing this for the first time, that it has impurities and mix metals inside jewellery. such as alloys of silver, Cadium, Copper and Sometimes Pladdium and More.

Note For 21K Gold Rate : The Above 21K Gold Rate is the 100% Authentic Official Gold Rate Of Rawalpindi Sarafa Association. This Gold rate Can Be Confirmed and Verified By Any Customer By Going To Sarafa Bazar Union Head Office. This Gold rate Maybe Valid Only For Rawalpindi and Islamabad Jewellery Markets

Ever Wondered Why Jewellers Do Cutting On Gold?

Well, Thats where Carat of Gold Jewellery Comes in As I've Guided You 21K Gold Jewellery Contains 12.5% of Impurities ( Milawat Hoti hai 12.5% ) , And The Other Metals have little to no value as compared to gold , and the jeweller only pays the value of gold ornaments according to amount of gold which is present in Article so upon selling 12.5% of weight is deducted off of a item which is made up of 21K Gold

What's 22K Gold Rate Today in Pakistan?

Well 22K Gold Rate Is Not Even Actually Announced In Rawalpindi, Sarafa Bazar As All Gold Jewellery in Pakistan Since Last 10 Years is Manufactured in 21K Gold. So there's No Point of Making a 22K Gold rate But In Lahore's Jewellery Market The Dynamics of Charges Which Are Charged on Gold Jewellery is Diferent , So There 22K Gold Rate Is Charged While the Gold Jewellery it self is 21Karat Hope This Answer Got You - So The 22K Gold Rate of Lahore's Market is Not Valid In Rawalpindi Islamabad As Here The Charges on top of gold Jewellery is calculated differently

is Gold Jewelery Cheap To Buy In Rawalpindi or From Lahore?

Well The Statement Above May Had You Felt Like That, But That's not the case as i told u the charges are just charged differently. so i You calculate the overall Average, and the Total Cost and charges of theirs, they Are Very Similar and Same Same. so wheather you buy From Rawalpindi Gold Star Jewellers or a Jeweller From Lahore You Get Equal Gold Value To Money

Today Gold Rate In Pakistan As of 4 August, 2026 Tuesday

( Summary Table ) Per Tola/ Per 10 Gram/ and Per Gram

International Gold Live Market Data

All 4 Types of Gold's Advance Buy/Sell Both Rates For Experienced Customers With Reference 'Gold Form Type' Image

Type(1) - Local 24K Sarafa Gold Rate ''Rawa Ka Rate''' ( Used For Alot of Calculations )

Type(2) - 24K ARY 10 Tola Size Gold Bar Rate ( Perfect For Main Scale Investors )

Type(3) - 24K ARY Millat All Other Sizes Gold Bar's Rate | Perfect For Common Man Investments

Type(4) - 21K Gold Rate Today (Gold Jewellery Rate)

Summary Table of Advance Buy/Sell Rates For Experienced Customers

ARY Certified

All Sizes Gold Bars Are 99.999% Readily Available At Our Shop

Gold Bars Available Without Informing Us Aap Aa Saktay Hein | No Making Time | No Premium Charges | No Invoice Charges | No Extra Comissions | Proper Genuine Product | Proper Wholesale Dealing + Online Gold Rate Booking Facility

( Jo Yeh Packing Charges Hotey Hein ARY Yeh Khud Charge Karta Hai ) Yeh Hum Bhi Pay Kartey Hein.

ARY All Size Gold Bars Seperate Prices ( Full Total Price Live Chart ) Real Market 100% Accurately Updated Rates ( The Below Prices Have Company Packing Charges Included ).

1 Gram 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 39,037 Rs

2.5 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 94,093 Rs

5 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 186,685 Rs

For Buy/Sell You Should Have 98% of Your Cash Payment Ready

10 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 371,970 Rs

1 Tola 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 433,600 Rs

20 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 742,741 Rs

In Pictures Ko Ap Full Zoom Kar Saktey Hein Using Your Fingers

2 Tola 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 866,000 Rs

1 Ounce 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 1,153,852 Rs

50 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 1,853,852 Rs

Biscuits Sale Purchase Time Only 2:15 PM ~ 8:00 PM

5 Tola 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar Live Total Price = 2,162,000 Rs

100 Grams 24K Pure ARY Gold Bar ( Very Rarely Available ) Live Total Price = 3,705,704 Rs

10 Tola 24K ARY Pure Gold Bar Live Total Price = 4,300,000 Rs

1,000% Real Rates. Properly Claimable At Shop 100% Transparency Official Guaranteed Products,This System Is Being Runned With 100% Responsibility

~ Pakistan's Most Updated Site For Displaying Local Market Real Gold Rates Accurately Online Since Last 15 Years ~

Biscuit Dealing Time : 2:10 PM to 7:45 PM || Payment Mode Sirf or Sirf All 98% Cash Payment Accept Hogi Sirf Strict Rule. (No Compromise)

( New Gov.t Market Timing Strictly Follow Hoongi.... 8 o'clock All Markets Ab Close Hojaya Karti Hein. toh Jisney Jo Buy/Sell Karna hai 7:00 PM Per Aapki At The Shop Entry Honii Chiyeh Phir Laazmi )

Serious Notice

Remember Booking Ka Token Sirf Online Lene Ki Baat Hoorih Hai Baaki Ki Payment At The Shop Ap Cash Dengy. No Other Payment Method Solution Possible At All For Gold Bars Buy/Sell !!!!

Agar Aapney Apnay Liye Gold Rate Ko Book Karwana Hoo. Uska Tariqa

New Comers Bilkul Bhi Confuse Mat Hoon. Booking ki koi zrurat nahi hai. Biscuit Available Hein All Time. Aap Puchein Baghair Aa Saktey Hein Aap At Shop To Buy 2pm-8pm

Would Gold Star Jewellers Provide a Proper Invoice Receipt?

Yes We Got Proper Invoice Having All Specifications Written Properly. Biscuit Company, Size, Model, Originality, International Purity Level, Carat, 24K Guaranteed Stamp & Much More According to item Toh Resale Mein Kisi Kisam Ka Issue Nahi Aayega

Can We Buy Gold Bars From Any Shop?

The Table Below Shows A Comparative Difference of Benefits & Advantages Between Gold Star Jewellers and a Ordinary Jeweller Shop

ARY Gold Bar All Size List From 1 Gram to 10 Tola & ARY Company Official Wholesale Packing Charges List

Packing Charges ARY Khud Bhi Charge Karta Hai, Or Hum Bhi Yeh Unko aagey Pay Karkey Yeh Gold Bars Lete Hein Woh Apko 15 Days to 2 Month Baad Dega Hum Aapko Foran Dengy Same Rate

ARY Gold Bars All Size Pictures From 1 Gram to 10 Tola Size

Click to Stop & Zoom Using Your Fingers

Click & Download Any image You Like

ARY 10 Tola Bar Front

Front and Back Together

ARY 10 Tola Bar Backside

( 4K Quality Website Zoom )

ARY 10 Tola Gold Bar QR Code Model ( Yeh Biscuit Officially isi Tarah Open Aata Hai, Bilkul isi Tarah ) toh Iska Packing kay pese wagera bhi extra uper ARY Kuch Bhi Nahi Leta. ( Best for Big Amount Savings and Buy Sell Every 2 Weeks ) + ( Most Cost Efficient Size & Most Best Buy/Sell Difference )

All The Jewelery Markets of Rawalpindi Including Sarafa Bazar, Main Murree Road Jewellery Market & All Markets of Islamabad Are Bound To Follow This Gold Rate.

This Gold Rate Is Applicable For All The Gold Jewellery You Buy in 21K Gold in Pakistan. On Top of This Gold Rate Making Charges Ranging From 1,000 to 4,000 Rs Per Tola Maybe Charged According to Product's Finishing, Design and Uniqueness

Ever Wondered Why Jewellers Do Cutting On Gold?

What's 22K Gold Rate Today in Pakistan?

is Gold Jewelery Cheap To Buy In Rawalpindi or From Lahore?

Quick Links To All Pages

Gold Ring Pages

Neck Jewellery

Wrist Jewellery

Ear & Nose Jewellery

Other Pages

Follow Us to Stay Updated About Latest Gold Jewellery Designs, Gold Rates & More

Contact Us

Recommended Number

Call and Whatsapp Reply Time Zohar Kay Baad Say - Raat 7:40 PM Tak Only.

Shop Address

Our shop hours

Monday [ 1:00 PM - 8:00 PM ]

Tuesday [ 1:00 PM - 8:00 PM ]

Wednesday [ 1:00 PM - 8:00 PM ]

Thursday [ 1:00 PM - 8:00 PM ]

Friday All Market & Shop Close All Business Operations + Online Operations are 100% Off

Saturday [ 1:00 PM - 8:00 PM ]

Sunday [ 1:00 PM - 8:00 PM ]

Whatsapp Reply Time Dupahir 2:00 PM To Raat 8:00 PM Only

@LLC Gold Star Jewellers 2026 ( Pvt.Ltd )

©Copyright 2026 All Rights Reserved.

Click Here To Contact Website Developer